Java Reference Variable

We often are stuck at discussion about Objects and their references, it is known fact that unlike C or C++, java doesn’t allows variable access using pointers, well why it does not allows is itself a whole topic which you can read here. Today we will discuss about what all types can be given to java variables or objects. Before moving on to that concept let’s have a look at what do we mean by Reference Variable?

What do we mean by Reference Variable?

A reference variable is used to access the object of a class. Reference variables are created at the program compilation time.

Example:

Employee e;   // e here is a reference variable

1	Employee e; // e here is a reference variable

Primitive Variable vs Reference Variable

Having seen about reference variable above, let’s have basic understanding about the types of variables, i.e. Primitive Variables and Reference Variables. All the variables created using Primitive data types (char, int, boolean, float, double, short and long) are treated a bit differently by JVM in comparison to the ones which are used to point objects like the famous String class, File Objects, Thread objects and so on. If we talk about in terms of memory allocation, Reference Variables are the objects handles to the class references which are created in the Heap Memory.

Now let’s move on to discuss about Reference Variables.

Types of Java Reference Variable

Java has 4 types of Reference Variables available:

Local Variable – Block Specific Or Method Specific Variables
Static Variable – The class Variables

Instance Variable – The Non Static Variables
Method Parameter

Example of Reference Variable Being Created

In the below example we will take the case of an Employee class which has few primitive variables and we would take the reference of the Employee Class as “emp” and then explain its further working:

class Employee{
	int empID;
	int empSal;
	String empName;

	// Getters & Setter Member Functions 
	// Constructors 
	// otherMethods();
}

class Employee{

int empID;

int empSal;

String empName;

// Getters & Setter Member Functions

// Constructors

// otherMethods();

}

Now, we can create the reference variable of Employee class as:

Employee emp;

1	Employee emp;

This reference variable has nothing in it as it points to no physical location of main memory. If that’s complicating, in simple terms this reference object has no space being allocated in the memory and it is “null”.

Now if we print out this emp variable, it would result in an error if we don’t initialise the variable, if we set the object to null, it give output as “null”.

Now to make this reference actually work, for that the reference should have been allocated memory space. Below code helps us to achieve that:

Employee emp = new Employee ();

1	Employee emp = new Employee ();

Let’s understand this piece of code to understand how reference objects works, here new is Java keyword which is used to allocate memory to the Employee Object “emp”, this object is allocated memory based on the memory needed. The Employee() is the constructor of the Employee class which is used to assign any default values needed for the object created of the Employee class.

If the case above we reuse the “emp” reference to assign a new value we can do it by, simply calling the constructor with new keyword as under:

emp = new Employee();

1	emp = new Employee();

The above code would create a new reference. If you don’t want to allow references to be reassigned that can be done using the final keyword like below:

final Employee employeeFinalObject = new Employe();

1	final Employee employeeFinalObject = new Employe();

So, final is keyword which we use to define a variable which we don’t want to reassign.

employeeFinalObject = new Employe(); // This statement would give an error since it is final

1	employeeFinalObject = new Employe(); // This statement would give an error since it is final

Lets take an example program to understand reference varaible in Java.

public class EmployeeMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        
        Employee emp1, emp2;	  //Declaration of Employee Class Variables
        
        final Employee emp3;      // empp3 is declared as final, emp3 can't be reassigned or refer to different object

        emp1 = new Employee("Employee 1", 1);	// assign ref1 with object Reference

        int eID = emp1.getEmpId(); //access method getEmpId() of Employee Class through reference variable emp1
        System.out.println("Employee Id = " + eID);
      
        emp2 = new Employee("Employee 2", 2); //assign emp2 with Employee Reference

        printText(emp2);      // passing emp2 as method parameter of printText() method

        
        emp3 = new Employee("Final Employee 3", 3);// assign emp3 with object Reference

        // try to reassign emp3 will cause a compile-time error
        //emp3 = new Employee("Try to reassign", 3);

    }

    public static void printText(Employee employee) {
        String employeeName = employee.getEmpName();
        System.out.println(employeeName);
    }
}

public class Employee {
    private int empId;
    private String empName;

    Employee(String empName, int empId) {
        this.empName = empName;
        this.empId = empId;
    }

    public String getEmpName() {
        return empName;
    }

    public int getEmpId() {
        return empId;
    }
}

public class EmployeeMain {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Employee emp1, emp2; //Declaration of Employee Class Variables

final Employee emp3; // empp3 is declared as final, emp3 can't be reassigned or refer to different object

emp1 = new Employee("Employee 1", 1); // assign ref1 with object Reference

int eID = emp1.getEmpId(); //access method getEmpId() of Employee Class through reference variable emp1

System.out.println("Employee Id = " + eID);

emp2 = new Employee("Employee 2", 2); //assign emp2 with Employee Reference

printText(emp2); // passing emp2 as method parameter of printText() method

emp3 = new Employee("Final Employee 3", 3);// assign emp3 with object Reference

// try to reassign emp3 will cause a compile-time error

//emp3 = new Employee("Try to reassign", 3);

}

public static void printText(Employee employee) {

String employeeName = employee.getEmpName();

System.out.println(employeeName);

}

public class Employee {

private int empId;

private String empName;

Employee(String empName, int empId) {

this.empName = empName;

this.empId = empId;

}

public String getEmpName() {

return empName;

}

public int getEmpId() {

return empId;

}

The Output Of the above code would be something like:

Employee Id = 1

Employee 2

Also, please note that when we try to reassign the emp3 it results in compile time error.

So, that was all about the study of reference variable in Java and stay tuned as we bring more interesting topics to study.

Java Reference Variable